Beaver dam analogues drive heterogeneous groundwater–surface water interactions     

Jeffrey Wade  Laura Lautz  Christa Kelleher  Philippe Vidon  Julianne Davis  Julio Beltran  Casey Pearce 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5340-5353

Beaver dam analogues (BDAs) are a cost-effective stream restoration approach that leverages the recognized environmental benefits of natural beaver dams on channel stability and local hydrology. Although natural beaver dams are known to exert considerable influence on the hydrologic conditions of a stream system by mediating geomorphic processes, nutrient cycling, and groundwater–surface water interactions, the impacts of beaver-derived restoration methods on groundwater–surface water exchange are poorly characterized. To address this deficit, we monitored hyporheic exchange fluxes and streambed porewater biogeochemistry across a sequence of BDAs installed along a central Wyoming stream during the summer of 2019. Streambed fluxes were quantified by heat tracing methods and vertical hydraulic gradients. Biogeochemical activity was evaluated using major ion porewater chemistry and principal component analysis. Vertical fluxes of approximately 1.0 m/day were observed around the BDAs, as was the development of spatially heterogeneous zones of nitrate production, groundwater upwelling, and anaerobic reduction. Strong contrasts in hyporheic zone processes were observed across BDAs of differing sizes. This suggests that structures may function with size-dependent behaviour, only altering groundwater–surface water interactions after a threshold hydraulic step height is exceeded. Patterns of hyporheic exchange and biogeochemical cycling around the studied BDAs resemble those around natural beaver dams, suggesting that BDAs may provide comparable benefits to channel complexity and near-stream function over a 1-year period.  相似文献   

青海共和盆地地热资源热源机制与聚热模式   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

唐显春  王贵玲  马岩  张代磊  刘忠  赵旭  程天君 《地质学报》2020,94(7):2052-2065

青海共和盆地东侧贵德扎仓热田是探讨共和盆地地热资源成因的关键地区。本文综合区域地质、岩石热物性、同位素年代学、水文地球化学和地球物理测量等方法,重点分析了共和盆地的构造背景和热源机制,深入研究了共和盆地地热能系统的关键环节。研究发现:①识别出盆地地壳15 km以下深度发育高导体,并可与新生代青藏高原东部中-下地壳发育的层状低速高导层对比;②近NW-NS向的瓦里贡左旋走滑逆冲断裂是扎仓热田重要的控热和导热断裂;③晚中生代花岗岩与上覆围岩具有显著的热导率;④温泉氢氧同位素指示水源以地表水补给为主;⑤存在浅层新生界碎屑岩中-低温热储和深层花岗岩中-高温热储,发育四层两类地热资源。综合分析提出了共和盆地干热岩三元聚热模式:即新生代中-下地壳发育的高温低速高导层是主要热源,中晚三叠世花岗岩是良好的导热和储热体,既是干热岩母岩,也是热储,新生代低热导率沉积岩是良好的盖层。研究对于青藏高原地热成因、资源预测、开发规划等具有参考意义。  相似文献   

基于高分辨率风场的海洋近惯性能通量计算——时空特征及其影响因素     

杨兵  侯一筠 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(5):978-990

基于高分辨率CFSR(climate forecast system reanalysis)风场资料、气候态海洋混合层厚度资料和卫星高度计海面高度异常资料,本文估计了大气风场向全球海洋混合层的近惯性能通量和近惯性能量输入功率,并探究了混合层厚度、风场时间分辨率、经验衰减系数和中尺度涡旋涡度对近惯性能通量和能量输入功率的影响。浮标实测风场和流速表明,本文所用的风场和阻尼平板模型可用于估计风场向全球海洋的近惯性能通量。本文计算得到的大气向全球海洋输入近惯性能量的功率为0.56TW(1TW=10~(12)W),其中北半球贡献0.22TW,南半球贡献0.34TW。在时间上,风场的近惯性能通量呈现各个半球冬季最强、夏季最弱的特征,这和西风带风场的季节变化有关。在空间上,近惯性能通量的高值海域为南、北半球西风带海洋,尤其是南大洋。混合层厚度和风场空间不均匀性使得西风带近惯性能通量呈现纬向变化,即海盆西部强于海盆东部。风场时间分辨率对近惯性能通量的估计至关重要,低时间分辨率风场对近惯性能通量的低估达到13%—30%。阻尼平板模型中的经验衰减系数对近惯性能通量估计的影响不超过5%。中尺度涡旋涡度仅改变近惯性能通量的空间分布,而对全球近惯性能量输入功率的影响可以忽略。  相似文献   

沉积物干容重分析及其沉积学意义:以东海内陆架海区为例     

薛成凤  盛辉  魏东运  杨阳  汪亚平  贾建军 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(5):1093-1107

干容重是沉积学研究中用于计算物质通量的一个重要参量,对于正确认识沉积物的收支平衡、源汇通量以及地貌演化等问题具有重要意义。然而,干容重的分析流程和计算方法仍然缺乏统一的规范,导致干容重的取值不尽合理,影响了沉积学研究的定量化和精准度,这个问题需要引起足够的重视。本文选取了东海内陆架的表层沉积物和柱状沉积物,运用实验测试和间接公式计算两种方法获得了沉积物的干容重,对比分析了两种方法的精准度。研究发现,东海内陆架的细颗粒沉积物的干容重的数值范围是1.1—1.5g/cm~3;影响沉积物干容重的主要因素是沉积物的成分与粒度,前者通过颗粒态物质的密度起作用,后者通过孔隙度来影响。建议:干容重的分析测试工作应在采样后尽快完成;运用干容重进行沉积通量计算时,应根据沉积物的平均粒度和孔隙度的空间变化选择合适的数值,以获得更加合理的结果。  相似文献   

巴芬湾西部和格陵兰岛东部大气经向热量输送协同变化对夏季北极海冰的影响     

王乐  张录军  杨文发 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(8):14-23

利用欧洲中心气候再分析资料和美国国家冰雪数据中心北极海冰面积资料，分析了夏季北极海冰面积与前期大气经向热量输送年际变化的联系。结果表明：6月北半球中高纬大气的经向热量输送以瞬变热量形式为主，其中巴芬湾西部（B区）和格陵兰岛东部（G区）是瞬变热量向极区传输的两个通道，二者之间存在反位相的协同变化，且这种协同变化与夏季北极海冰面积变化密切相关。可能的机制为：6月，AD、AO和NAO三种北极大气环流型能够引起巴芬湾西部和格陵兰岛东部瞬变热量输送的协同变化，这种协同变化通过涡旋动力作用激发夏季极区大气表现为AD异常，同时影响途经区域的气温，从而通过热动力作用影响夏季北极海冰。将向极区输送的热量称为暖输送，从极区输出的热量为冷输送，则上述两个区域的瞬变热量协同输送可分为三种情况：B暖G冷、B冷G暖、B和G均冷，而B和G均暖的情况十分罕见。当B区向极区输入、G区输出热量时，有利于太平洋扇区和喀拉海的海冰偏少；当G区输入、B区输出热量时，利于喀拉海和拉普捷夫海海冰偏少；当B区和G区均输出热量时，利于波佛特海南部、喀拉海和拉普捷夫海海冰偏多，反之则相反。  相似文献   

北太平洋热带水体积的年际变化及其变化机制          下载免费PDF全文

刘松楠  许东峰 《海洋学研究》2020,38(2):1-8

利用EN4(the UK Met Office EN4.2.1 analyses)盐度数据发现北太平洋副热带高盐中心——北太平洋热带水(NPTW)的海表面积与体积在2000—2008年、2014—2017年存在下降趋势,2008—2014年期间存在上升趋势,进一步的研究表明,这些变化与太平洋年代际震荡(PDO)的位相转换紧密相关。利用淡水通量数据以及ECCO2(Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II)流场数据计算分析后表明,淡水通量对NPTW的变化贡献较小,而水平输运对NPTW的表面积以及体积变化贡献较大,这与PDO正(负)位相期间北赤道流(NEC)的向北(南)摆动有关。  相似文献   

Rates of rockwall slope erosion in the upper Bhagirathi catchment,Garhwal Himalaya     

Elizabeth N. Orr  Lewis A. Owen  Sourav Saha  Marc W. Caffee 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(15):3108-3127

Rockwall slope erosion is defined for the upper Bhagirathi catchment using cosmogenic Beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be) concentrations in sediment from medial moraines on Gangotri glacier. Beryllium-10 concentrations range from 1.1 ± 0.2 to 2.7 ± 0.3 × 10⁴ at/g SiO₂, yielding rockwall slope erosion rates from 2.4 ± 0.4 to 6.9 ± 1.9 mm/a. Slope erosion rates are likely to have varied over space and time and responded to shifts in climate, geomorphic and/or tectonic regime throughout the late Quaternary. Geomorphic and sedimentological analyses confirm that the moraines are predominately composed of rockfall and avalanche debris mobilized from steep relief rockwall slopes via periglacial weathering processes. The glacial rockwall slope erosion affects sediment flux and storage of snow and ice at the catchment head on diurnal to millennial timescales, and more broadly influences catchment configuration and relief, glacier dynamics and microclimates. The slope erosion rates exceed the averaged catchment-wide and exhumation rates of Bhagirathi and the Garhwal region on geomorphic timescales (10³−10⁵ years), supporting the view that erosion at the headwaters can outpace the wider catchment. The ¹⁰Be concentrations of medial moraine sediment for the upper Bhagirathi catchment and the catchments of Chhota Shigri in Lahul, northern India and Baltoro glacier in Central Karakoram, Pakistan show a tentative relationship between ¹⁰Be concentration and precipitation. As such there is more rapid glacial rockwall slope erosion in the monsoon-influenced Lesser and Greater Himalaya compared to the semi-arid interior of the orogen. Rockwall slope erosion in the three study areas, and more broadly across the northwest Himalaya is likely governed by individual catchment dynamics that vary across space and time. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Rainfall partitioning through a mixed cedar swamp and associated C and N fluxes in Southern Ontario,Canada     

Tim P. Duval 《水文研究》2019,33(11):1510-1524

Partitioning of rainfall through a forest canopy into throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception is a critical process in the water cycle, and the contact of precipitation with vegetated surfaces leads to increased delivery of solutes to the forest floor. This study investigates the rainfall partitioning over a growing season through a temperate, riparian, mixed coniferous‐deciduous cedar swamp, an ecosystem not well studied with respect to this process. Seasonal throughfall, stemflow, and interception were 69.2%, 1.5%, and 29.3% of recorded above‐canopy precipitation, respectively. Event throughfall ranged from a low of 31.5 ± 6.8% for a small 0.8‐mm event to a high of 82.9 ± 2.4% for a large 42.7‐mm event. Rain fluxes of at least 8 mm were needed to generate stemflow from all instrumented trees. Most trees had funnelling ratios <1.0, with an exponential decrease in funnelling ratio with increasing tree size. Despite this, stand‐scale funnelling ratios averaged 2.81 ± 1.73, indicating equivalent depth of water delivered across the swamp floor by stemflow was greater than incident precipitation. Throughfall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) averaged 26.60 ± 2.96 and 2.02 ± 0.16 mg L^?1, respectively, which were ~11 and three times above‐canopy rain levels. Stemflow DOC averaged 73.33 ± 7.43 mg L^?1, 35 times higher than precipitation, and TDN was 4.45 ± 0.56 mg L^?1, 7.5 times higher than rain. Stemflow DOC concentration was highest from Populus balsamifera and TDN greatest from Thuja occidentalis trees. Although total below‐canopy flux of TDN increased with increasing event size, DOC flux was greatest for events 20–30 mm, suggesting a canopy storage threshold of DOC was readily diluted. In addition to documenting rainfall partitioning in a novel ecosystem, this study demonstrates the excess carbon and nitrogen delivered to riparian swamps, suggesting the assimilative capacity of these zones may be underestimated.  相似文献   

不同强度冷空气对太湖水热交换的定量影响     

刘强  王伟  肖薇  荆思佳  张弥  胡勇博  张圳  谢燕红 《湖泊科学》2019,31(4):1144-1156

作为冷季主要的天气事件，冷空气过境会改变湖泊上方的气团性质，对湖泊的水热通量产生影响，进而影响湖泊的生物物理和化学过程.以亚热带大型浅水湖泊——太湖为研究对象，基于2012-2017年5个冷季（11月-翌年3月）的太湖中尺度通量网观测数据，量化不同强度冷空气（寒潮、强冷空气和较强冷空气）对太湖水热通量的影响.结果表明：在5个冷季中，寒潮、强冷空气和较强冷空气发生的总次数分别为4、11和33次，累积持续天数分别为14、31和78天.冷空气过境显著增强太湖的水热通量，3种冷空气过境使太湖的感热通量分别增至无冷空气时的10.3、6.0和4.3倍，潜热通量分别增至无冷空气时的4.0、2.1和2.7倍.虽然冷空气影响天数仅占冷季天数的16.4%，但对整个冷季的潜热和感热通量贡献分别为34.9%和51.7%，以较强冷空气贡献最大.冷空气影响时，水-气界面的温度梯度是太湖感热通量的主控因子，而潜热通量的主控因子为风速.与深水湖泊相比，太湖等浅水湖泊对冷空气过境的响应更快，寒潮过境时尤为明显.  相似文献   

水库温室气体净通量评估模型(G-res Tool)及在长江上游典型水库初步应用     

张斌  李哲  李翀  陈永柏  郭劲松 《湖泊科学》2019,31(5):1479-1488

目前准确量化温室气体排放量已成为气候变化研究和政策制定的关键.在IPCC水库温室气体净通量的概念性框架下，国际水电协会汇总分析了全球223座水库的CO₂和CH₄研究成果，构建了G-res Tool，其可以用于评估已建或待建水库在长时间尺度下的温室气体净通量.本文介绍了G-res Tool模型的基本原理与模型框架，利用模型内置数据库中所涉及的中国长江上游12座典型水库数据进行初步应用分析，12座水库温室气体净通量平均值为88.17 g CO₂e/（m²·a），在全球约7000座水库中所处水平为11.67%，处于低阈值范围.在水库温室气体净通量分析结果中，其他非相关人类活动产生的水库温室气体通量（UAS）在蓄水后总通量（Post）中所占比重远高于蓄水前温室气体通量（Pre）.长江上游水库蓄水后的CH₄和CO₂通量对于温室效应的贡献量相当.通过将G-res Tool模型蓄水后的温室气体通量评估结果和所涉及到的12座水库中已发表的数据对比分析发现，G-res Tool具有简便、适用面广等特点.但G-res Tool毕竟仍为经验性模型，其基本原理和模块设计上的内在缺陷在很大程度上限制了其应用范围并造成了一定的不确定性.对个案水库而言，长期跟踪观测与机理研究仍是未来减少水库温室气体净通量不确定性的关键.  相似文献